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Polikarpov I-180 : ウィキペディア英語版
Polikarpov I-180

The Polikarpov I-180 ((ロシア語:И-180)) was a 1938 Soviet fighter aircraft prototype. It was the last attempt to extract performance from the basic Polikarpov I-16 design.〔Green 1973, p. 165.〕 The development cycle was plagued with problems〔Abanshin and Gut 1994, p. 52.〕〔Gordon and Khazanov 1998, p. 111.〕 and the death of the Soviet hero pilot Valery Chkalov in one of the prototypes effectively ended Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov's career as an aircraft designer.
==Design and development==
The I-180 represented a further development of the basic I-16 design in order to take advantage of the more powerful two-row radial engines. It was designed to meet a requirement of the Soviet Air Force of January 1938 for a new interceptor aircraft with a radial engine. It was preceded by a series of projected I-16 variants with a stronger M-88 two-row radial engine: I-161, I-162, I-163, I-164, I-165, I-166 and I-167. The I-180 was a single-engine, low-wing monoplane fighter aircraft of mixed construction with a duraluminum frame covered in plywood and fabric. The pilot sat near the tailfin in an open cockpit with a windshield similar to I-16. Landing gear was retracted pneumatically with a retractable tail wheel. The main visual difference between I-180 and I-16 was a new wing with a perpendicular straight leading edge, and an aerodynamically refined fuselage with longer slim engine cowling.〔 The new fighter was to be powered by an 820 kW (1,100 hp) M-88 engine, a development of the license-built Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major (known as M-85 in USSR), and represented the next step in evolution from the 1937 I-165-11 prototype. The proposed armament consisted of four 7.62 mm (.3 in) ShKAS machine guns and 200 kg (440 lb) of bombs. Dmitriy Tomashevich was assigned as the lead designer.
The ill-fated development of the I-180 started early on. The only version of M-88 available at the time used reduction gear requiring a very large propeller at least 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in) in diameter – massive for an aircraft that in layout and dimensions resembled an I-16 with an elongated nose. Even before leaving the drawing board, the fighter had to be redesigned for M-88R with reduction gear and a constant speed propeller. The projected top speed fell from 572 km/h (355 mph) to 557 km/h (345 mph). The first prototype however was eventually fitted with similar M-87 950 hp engine, because M-88R was not ready.〔Maslov 2003〕 The prototype was built at Number 156 factory in Moscow.

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